Noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods to perform noise-adaptive non-blind deblurring on an input image that includes blur and noise involve implementing a first neural network on the input image to obtain one or more parameters and performing regularized deconvolution to obtain a deblurred image from the input image. The regularized deconvolution uses the one or more parameters to control noise in the deblurred image. A method includes implementing a second neural network to remove artifacts from the deblurred image and provide an output image.

INTRODUCTION

The subject disclosure relates generally to image deblurring and, moreparticularly, to noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring.

A vehicle (e.g., automobile, truck, farm equipment, constructionequipment, automated factory equipment) may include many sensors thatprovide information about the vehicle and its environment. An exemplarysensor is a camera. Images obtained by one or more cameras of a vehiclemay be used to perform semi-autonomous or autonomous operation, forexample. An image obtained by a camera may be blurred for a variety ofreasons, including the movement or vibration of the camera. In thevehicle application, the source of the blurring may be well known basedon known movement of the vehicle or calibration performed for thecamera. This facilitates non-blind image deblurring. However, a blurredimage generally includes noise as well as blurring. Accordingly, it isdesirable to provide noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring.

SUMMARY

In one exemplary embodiment, a method of performing noise-adaptivenon-blind deblurring on an input image that includes blur and noiseincludes implementing a first neural network on the input image toobtain one or more parameters and performing regularized deconvolutionto obtain a deblurred image from the input image. The regularizeddeconvolution uses the one or more parameters to control noise in thedeblurred image. The method also includes implementing a second neuralnetwork to remove artifacts from the deblurred image and provide anoutput image.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, theimplementing the first neural network results in one parameter that is aregularization parameter.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, theimplementing the first neural network results in two or more parametersthat are weights corresponding with a set of predefined regularizationparameters.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, the methodalso includes training the first neural network and the second neuralnetwork individually or together in an end-to-end arrangement.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, the methodalso includes obtaining, by the processing circuitry, a point spreadfunction that defines the blur in the input image.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, the inputimage is obtained by a camera in a vehicle and the point spread functionis obtained from one or more sensors of the vehicle or from the camerabased on a calibration.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, theimplementing the first neural network includes obtaining aone-dimensional vector of singular values from the input image andimplementing a one-dimensional residual convolutional neural network(CNN).

In another exemplary embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium stores instructions which, when processed by processingcircuitry, cause the processing circuitry to implement a method ofperforming noise-adaptive non-blind deblurring on an input image thatincludes blur and noise. The method includes implementing a first neuralnetwork on the input image to obtain one or more parameters andperforming regularized deconvolution to obtain a deblurred image fromthe input image. The regularized deconvolution uses the one or moreparameters to control noise in the deblurred image. The method alsoincludes implementing a second neural network to remove artifacts fromthe deblurred image and provide an output image.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, theimplementing the first neural network results in one parameter that is aregularization parameter.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, theimplementing the first neural network results in two or more parametersthat are weights corresponding with a set of predefined regularizationparameters.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, the methodalso includes training the first neural network and the second neuralnetwork individually or together in an end-to-end arrangement.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, the methodalso includes obtaining, by the processing circuitry, a point spreadfunction that defines the blur in the input image.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, the inputimage is obtained by a camera in a vehicle and the point spread functionis obtained from one or more sensors of the vehicle or from the camerabased on a calibration.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, theimplementing the first neural network includes obtaining aone-dimensional vector of singular values from the input image andimplementing a one-dimensional residual convolutional neural network(CNN).

In yet another exemplary embodiment, a vehicle includes a camera toobtain an input image that includes blur and noise. The vehicle alsoincludes processing circuitry to implement a first neural network on theinput image to obtain one or more parameters and to perform regularizeddeconvolution to obtain a deblurred image from the input image. Theregularized deconvolution uses the one or more parameters to controlnoise in the deblurred image. The processing circuitry also implements asecond neural network to remove artifacts from the deblurred image andprovide an output image.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, theprocessing circuitry implements the first neural network and obtain oneparameter that is a regularization parameter or obtain two or moreparameters that are weights corresponding with a set of predefinedregularization parameters.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, theprocessing circuitry trains the first neural network and the secondneural network individually or together in an end-to-end arrangement.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, theprocessing circuitry obtains a point spread function that defines theblur in the input image.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, theprocessing circuitry obtains the point spread function from one or moresensors of the vehicle that measure a movement of the vehicle or from acalibration of the camera.

In addition to one or more of the features described herein, the firstneural network obtains a one-dimensional vector of singular values fromthe input image and implement a one-dimensional residual convolutionalneural network (CNN).

The above features and advantages, and other features and advantages ofthe disclosure are readily apparent from the following detaileddescription when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other features, advantages and details appear, by way of example only,in the following detailed description, the detailed descriptionreferring to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a vehicle in which noise-adaptive non-blindimage deblurring is performed according to one or more embodiments;

FIG. 2 shows exemplary images that illustrate the process ofnoise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring according to one or moreembodiments;

FIG. 3 shows components of a training process of a system that performsnoise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring according to one or moreembodiments;

FIG. 4 shows the architecture of the first neural network used toperform noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring according to one ormore embodiments;

FIG. 5 shows a process flow for training the first neural network usedto perform noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring according to one ormore embodiments;

FIG. 6 shows a process flow for training the first neural network usedto perform noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring according to one ormore embodiments;

FIG. 7 shows additional processes needed to generate ground truth inorder to train the first neural network when the blur is in twodimensions;

FIG. 8 shows an exemplary process flow for end-to-end training of theneural networks used to perform noise-adaptive non-blind imagedeblurring according to one or more embodiments;

FIG. 9 shows an exemplary process flow for end-to-end training of theneural networks used to perform noise-adaptive non-blind imagedeblurring according to one or more embodiments; and

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the system to perform noise-adaptivenon-blind image deblurring according to one or more embodiments

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is notintended to limit the present disclosure, its application or uses. Itshould be understood that throughout the drawings, correspondingreference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features.

As previously noted, an image obtained by a camera may be blurred. In avehicle application, movement or vibration of the camera may causeblurring of images obtained by the camera. Non-blind deblurring ofblurred images refers to the scenario in which the source of theblurring and a model of the smear is known. Even when the function ormodel of the smear is known, non-blind deblurring is a nonstableproblem, and boundary conditions must be imposed to address artifacts.That is, prior deblurring processes may introduce artifacts.Additionally, noise may be amplified if the deblurring process is notregularized. A prior approach facilitates addressing known or fixednoise in the non-blind deblurring process. Specifically, a jointtraining procedure is undertaken to determine both the parameters forthe regularized deconvolution and the weights of a convolutional neuralnetwork (CNN).

Embodiments of the systems and methods detailed herein relate tonoise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring. A first neural network (e.g.,deep neural network) infers a noise-dependent regularization parameterused in the regularized deconvolution process to produce a deblurredimage with artifacts. According to an exemplary embodiment, the firstneural network provides a regularization parameter value λ. According toanother exemplary embodiment, the first neural network providesweighting associated with each value in a predefined array ofregularization parameter values λ. Using the correct regularizationparameter value λ during regularized deconvolution ensures that noise inthe input (blurred) image is not amplified in an uncontrollable fashionin the deblurred image. Then a second neural network (e.g., CNN) removesartifacts from the deblurred image. A correct value of theregularization parameter λ provided by the first neural network ensuresthat the value is not too small to be useful (i.e., output image is toonoisy) yet not so large that the output image is still blurry. Thisseparate, first neural network is not used according to the priorapproach.

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, FIG. 1 is a block diagram ofa vehicle 100 in which noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring isperformed. The exemplary vehicle 100 shown in FIG. 1 is an automobile101. Two exemplary cameras 110 are shown to obtain images from a frontof the vehicle 100. Each of the cameras 110 may be color camera orgrayscale camera or any other imaging device that operates in thevisible or infrared spectrum. The images obtained with the cameras 110may be one, two, or three-dimensional images that serve as a blurredinput image 210 (FIG. 2 ).

The vehicle 100 is also shown to include a controller 120 and additionalsensors 130, 140. The additional sensors 130 (e.g., inertial measurementunit, wheel speed sensor, gyroscope, accelerometer) obtain informationabout the vehicle 100 while the additional sensors 140 (e.g., lidarsystem, radar system) obtain information about its surroundings. Thecontroller 120 may use information from one or more of the sensors 130,140 and cameras 110 to perform semi-autonomous or autonomous operationof the vehicle 100.

According to one or more embodiments, the controller 120 performsnoise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring on blurred input images 210obtained by one or more cameras 110. Alternately, a camera 110 mayinclude a controller to perform the processing. In either case, thenoise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring requires knowledge of thesource of the blurring. The source of the blurring may be motion of thevehicle 100, which is indicated by parameters obtained by the sensors130 of the vehicle 100, or may be inherent to the camera 110, asdetermined by calibration of the camera 110. The non-blind aspect of thedeblurring process is known and not further detailed herein. Thecontroller 120 and any controller of a camera 110 may include processingcircuitry that may include an application specific integrated circuit(ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group)and memory that executes one or more software or firmware programs, acombinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components thatprovide the described functionality.

FIG. 2 shows exemplary images that illustrate the process ofnoise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring according to one or moreembodiments. An input image 210 is a blurred image with noise. Based onregularized deconvolution (at block 360 (FIG. 3 )) using aregularization parameter λ obtained with a first neural network 355(implemented at block 350 (FIG. 3 )), a deblurred image 220 is obtained.This deblurred image 220 may include artifacts 225. A second neuralnetwork 375 is then implemented (at block 370 (FIG. 3 )) to obtain anoutput image 230 with the artifacts 225 removed from the deblurred image220.

FIG. 3 shows components of a training process 300 of a system 301 thatperforms noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring according to one ormore embodiments. As detailed and noted with reference to FIG. 2 , thefirst neural network 355 (implemented at block 350) facilitatesobtaining noise-dependent regularization parameters. A single value of aregularization parameter λ or weightings corresponding with a predefinedarray of values of regularization parameters λ are provided by the firstneural network 355 according to alternate embodiments. In either form,the regularization parameter λ is used to control noise in theregularized deconvolution (at block 360) that provides a deblurred image220. The second neural network 375 (implemented at block 370)facilitates removing artifacts from the deblurred image 220 to obtainthe output image 230.

At block 310, obtaining a sharp image 315 (indicated as Im) refers toobtaining an image, whether in real time or from a database, withoutblurring or noise. To be clear, the training process 300 uses a largeset of the sharp images Im 315 over many iterations. The sharp image Im315 represents the ground truth used in the training process 300. Thatis, ideally, the output image 230 will be very close to this sharp imageIm 315.

At block 320, performing corruption refers to generating noise N and apoint spread function (PSF), both of which are applied to the sharpimage Im 315 to generate the input image 210 (indicated as I_(B)) to thesystem 301. Each neural network may be trained individually or may betrained together in a process known as end-to-end training. Exemplarytraining processes for the first neural network 355 or for end-to-endtraining of the full system 301 are discussed with reference to FIGS.5-9 . The PSF output at block 320 represents potential sources ofblurring of an image obtained by a camera 110 in a vehicle 100. The PSFmay be based on motion parameters obtained by the sensors 130 of thevehicle 100 or may be measured based on calibration of the camera 110when the blurring is inherent to the camera 110.

At block 330, the PSF is used to determine blur (i.e., generate a blurkernel matrix K_(B)). The system 301 obtains the blurred image (at block340) from a camera 110 and determines blur (at block 330) based oninformation from sensors 130 or the camera 110. Because the blur isdetermined (at block 330) through the known PSF, the system 301 performsnon-blind deblurring. Because the noise Nis not known, the system 301performs noise-adaptive deblurring. As FIG. 3 indicates, obtaining theblurred input image I_(B) 210, at block 340, involves applying the blur(determined at block 330) to the sharp image Im 315 and adding the noiseN. This is an artificial process to create the input image I_(B) 210. Inthe trained system 301, noise and blur are part of the camera 110output. The input image I_(B) 210 is given by:I _(B)=Im*K _(B) +N  [EQ. 1]

At block 350, implementing a first neural network 355 results indetermining the regularization parameter λ. According to alternateembodiments, implementing the first neural network 355, at block 350,may result in the output of a regularization parameter λ value or mayresult in the output of weights corresponding with a predefined set ofregularization parameter λ values. In the latter case, the weights ofthe set add to 1. The architecture 400 of the first neural network 355is discussed with reference to FIG. 4 and training of the first neuralnetwork 355 is discussed with reference to FIGS. 5-7 .

At block 360, regularized deconvolution to generate the deblurred image220, based on the input image I_(B) 210 and the regularization parameterλ, may be performed according to alternate embodiments. For explanatorypurposes, the first neural network 355 (at block 350) is assumed toprovide a regularization parameter λ value rather than weights.According to an exemplary embodiment, a Tikhonov regularizeddeconvolution may be used when the input image I_(B) 210 evidences aone-dimensional blur (e.g., horizontal blur). In this case, the blurkernel matrix K_(B) (determined at block 330) is subject to a singularvalue decomposition (SVD) to generate decomposition matrices:K _(B) =USV ^(T)  [EQ. 2]

In EQ. 2, T indicates transpose. Then, at block 360, the deblurred image220, indicated as I_(DB), is obtained, based on the decompositionmatrices from EQ. 2 and the regularization parameter λ from block 350,as follows:[K _(B)]_(REG) ⁻¹ =VS(S ²+λ² I)⁻¹ U ^(T)  [EQ. 3]I _(DB) ≅I _(B) [K _(B)]_(REG) ⁻¹  [EQ. 4]

At block 360, according to an alternate embodiment, when the input imageI_(B) 210 includes two-dimensional blur, a Wiener deconvolution may beperformed. In this case,Ĩ _(B)({right arrow over (k)})=Ĩ _(m)({right arrow over (k)}){tilde over(K)} _(B)({right arrow over (k)})+N  [EQ. 5]Ĩ _(DB)({right arrow over (k)})=FFT(I _(DB))  [EQ. 6]The parameters shown in EQ. 5 result from a fast Fourier transform(FFT). That is, because two-dimensional blur rather than one-dimensionalblur must be considered, the equations are in the Fourier space, asindicated by vector k, rather than in real space. For example, an FFT isperformed on the input image I_(B) 210 to obtain Ĩ_(B). The deblurredimage I_(DB) 220 is obtained as:

$\begin{matrix}{{{\overset{\sim}{I}}_{DB}(\overset{\rightarrow}{k})} = {{{\overset{\sim}{I}}_{B}(\overset{\rightarrow}{k})}\frac{{\overset{\sim}{K}}_{B}^{*}(\overset{\rightarrow}{k})}{{❘{{\overset{\sim}{K}}_{B}\left( \overset{\rightarrow}{k} \right)}❘}^{2} + \lambda^{2}}}} & \left\lbrack {{EQ}.7} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$ $\begin{matrix}{{{\overset{\sim}{I}}_{DB}(\overset{\rightarrow}{k})} = {{{\overset{\sim}{I}}_{B}(\overset{\rightarrow}{k})} = {{\overset{\sim}{I}}_{m}{{\overset{\sim}{K}}_{B}^{- 1}({\overset{\rightarrow}{k},\lambda})}}}} & \left\lbrack {{EQ}.8} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$Based on EQ. 8, the deblurred image I_(DB) 220 is obtained by performingan inverse FFT (IFFT) on Ĩ_(DB)({tilde over (k)}).

At block 370, implementing the second neural network 375 on thedeblurred image I_(DB) 220 results in the output image 230. The imageenhancement neural network that removes artifacts from the deblurredimage I_(DB) 220 and which is indicated as the second neural network 375is well-known and is not detailed herein. End-to-end training, whichrefers to training the first neural network 355 and the second neuralnetwork 375 together, is discussed with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9 . AsFIG. 3 indicates, a mean square error (MSE) may be obtained between theoutput image 230 provided by the system 301 and the sharp image Im 315to ascertain the effectiveness of the noise-adaptive non-blinddeblurring performed by the system 301.

FIG. 4 shows the architecture 400 of the first neural network 355 usedto perform noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring according to one ormore embodiments. The first neural network 355 is a one-dimensionalresidual CNN. The input to the first neural network 355 is the inputimage I_(B) 210, which is a blurred image with noise, and the outputN_(out) may be a value of the regularization parameter λ or may be a setof weights that corresponding with values of a set of predefinedregularization parameters λ. An SVD is performed on the input imageI_(B) 210, at 401, to obtain a one-dimensional vector of image singularvalue (SV) logarithms. The first convolutional layer 405 converts theinput to 64 feature vectors. The next four stages 410 are cascades offive residual blocks. While five residual blocks are indicated for eachstage 410, the exemplary embodiment of the architecture 400 does notlimit other numbers of subunits in alternate embodiments.

The known operations that are part of each cascade 420, as indicated forthe exemplary cascade 420 in FIG. 4 , include “Conv1d,” which refers toa filter sliding along the data across one dimension, “BatchNorm,” whichrefers to a batch normalization type of layer, and “ReLU,” which refersto a rectified linear unit. The number of filters N_(f) may be 64, 128,256, or 512, as indicated for the different stages 410. As indicated at430, there is a feature number doubling convolutional layer and amax-pooling layer following each cascade 420. At the output, 1024feature vectors are fed into a fully connected layer “FC” to produce theoutput N_(out).

FIGS. 5 and 6 detail the training of the first neural network 355 usedto perform noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring according to one ormore embodiments. As previously noted, end-to-end training refers totraining both neural networks according to the arrangement shown in FIG.3 . According to alternate embodiments shown in FIG. 5 or FIG. 6 , thefirst neural network 355 may be trained separately from the secondneural network 375. When the first neural network 355 is trainedindividually, the ground truth is obtained by a function Q(λ), asdetailed.

FIG. 5 shows a process flow 500 for training the first neural network355 used to perform noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring accordingto one or more embodiments. The process flow 500 shown in FIG. 5 is usedwith one-dimensional blur and when the output of the first neuralnetwork 355 is a regularization parameter λ value. The previouslydescribed processes at blocks 310 to 340 to obtain the sharp image Im315 and the blurred input image I_(B) 210 are not discussed again. Atblock 510, a set of images is obtained as regularized deconvolutionresults for a set of values of the regularization parameter λ. At block520, the function Q(λ) selects the optimal regularization parameter λ,λopt, from among the set of values of the regularization parameter λ.That is, the function Q(λ), at block 520, obtains a mean square distance(MSD) between each of the set of images (generated with the set ofvalues of the regularization parameter λ) and the sharp image Im 315 andselects the regularization parameter λ corresponding with the image thatresults in the minimum MSD as λopt.

At block 530, the input image I_(B) 210 is subjected to an SVD togenerate decomposition matrices, similarly to EQ. 2. At block 350,according to the exemplary embodiment, implementing the first neuralnetwork 355 results in a single regularization parameter λreg. For amore precise comparison, a log scale of the regularization parameterλreg and the optimal regularization parameter λopt is compared based onMSE. The process flow 500 may be repeated for a large set of the sharpimages Im 315 to train the first neural network 355.

FIG. 6 shows a process flow 600 for training the first neural network355 used to perform noise-adaptive non-blind image deblurring accordingto one or more embodiments. The process flow 600 shown in FIG. 6 is usedwith one-dimensional blur and when the output of the first neuralnetwork 355 is a set of weights corresponding with a set of predefinedvalues of regularization parameters λ. As in the discussion of FIG. 5 ,previously described processes at blocks 310 to 340 to obtain the sharpimage Im 315 and the blurred input image I_(B) 210 are not discussedagain. At block 610, a set of images is obtained as regularizeddeconvolution results. Each image in the set results from a particularset of weights corresponding with a set of predefined regularizationparameter λ values.

At block 620, the function Q(λ) selects the set of weights that resultsin an image with a minimum MSD relative to the sharp image Im 315. TheSoftMin function then rescales the weights to ensure that they arebetween 0 and 1. The result is the weighting function g(λ) such that thearea under the curve will add to 1. At block 530, the input image I_(B)210 is subjected to an SVD to generate decomposition matrices, similarlyto EQ. 2 (as discussed with reference to FIG. 5 ). At block 350,according to the exemplary embodiment, implementing the first neuralnetwork 355 results in a set of weights indicated as the function f(λ).At block 640, a weighted sum of images, according to the functions g(λ)and f(λ) are compared. The process flow 600 may be repeated for a largeset of the sharp images Im 315 to train the first neural network 355.

FIG. 7 shows additional processes 710 needed to generate ground truth inorder to train the first neural network 355 when the blur is in twodimensions. The previously discussed processes will not be detailedagain. The additional processes 710 include performing an FFT on thesharp image Im 315 that is an input to the additional processes 710. Theadditional processes 710 also include IFFTs at the outputs of theadditional processes 710. At block 720, regularized deconvolutionresults are obtained in the Fourier space. The additional processes 710may be used to train a first neural network 355 for two-dimensional blurwhether the first neural network 355 provides a single regularizationparameter λ or weights for a predefined set of regularization parameterλ values.

FIG. 8 shows an exemplary process flow 800 for end-to-end training ofthe neural networks used to perform noise-adaptive non-blind imagedeblurring according to one or more embodiments. The exemplary processflow 800 is used when the first neural network 355 outputs aregularization parameter λ. The exponential at block 810 of the logresult provides the regularization parameter λ used by theregularization deconvolution at block 360. The bypass 820 is apretraining bypass and allows bypassing the second neural network 375(implemented at block 370). This facilitates a comparison, at block 380,of the deblurred image I_(DB) 220 with the sharp image Im 315. When thebypass 820 is not used, the output image 230 is compared with the sharpimage Im 315 such that the result of both the first neural network 355(implemented at block 350) and the second neural network 375(implemented at block 370) is verified as part of the overall system301.

FIG. 9 shows an exemplary process flow 900 for end-to-end training ofthe neural networks used to perform noise-adaptive non-blind imagedeblurring according to one or more embodiments. The exemplary processflow 900 is used when the first neural network 355 outputs a set ofweights corresponding to a predefined set of regularization parameter λvalues. As indicated in FIG. 9 , implementing the first neural network355, at block 350, results in the weights as a function f(λ) of thepredefined set of regularization parameter λ values. At block 610, a setof deconvolved images is generated with each deconvolved image resultingfrom a different one of the predefined set of regularization parameter λvalues. At block 910, a weighted sum of the deconvolved images (fromblock 610) is obtained based on the weights obtained from the firstneural network 355.

Like the bypass 820 in FIG. 8 , the pretraining bypass 920 in FIG. 9allows bypassing the second neural network 375 (implemented at block370). This facilitates a comparison, at block 380, of the deblurredimage I_(DB) 220 with the sharp image Im 315. When the bypass 920 is notused, the output image 230 is compared with the sharp image Im 315 suchthat the result of both the first neural network 355 (implemented atblock 350) and the second neural network 375 (implemented at block 370)is verified as part of the overall system 301.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the system 301 to perform noise-adaptivenon-blind image deblurring according to one or more embodiments. Thesystem 301 may be implemented by processing circuitry of the controller120 of the vehicle 100, for example. A camera 110 provides the blurredinput image I_(B) 210. The camera 110 itself and/or sensors 130 thatindicate motion of the vehicle 100 provide the PSF that indicates thecause of the blur and facilitates non-blind deblurring. At block 350,implementing a first neural network 355 provides a regularizationparameter λ or weights corresponding to a predefined set ofregularization parameter λ values. The first neural network 355facilitates control of the noise in the input image I_(B) 210 (i.e.,noise-adaptive deblurring). At block 360, regularized deconvolutionprovides a deblurred image I_(DB) 220. At block 370, implementing thesecond neural network 375 facilitates removing artifacts from thedeblurred image I_(DB) 220 to generate the output image 230. This outputimage 230 may be displayed in the vehicle 100 or used for objectdetection and classification.

While the above disclosure has been described with reference toexemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the artthat various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted forelements thereof without departing from its scope. In addition, manymodifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material tothe teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essentialscope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure notbe limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but will include allembodiments falling within the scope thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of performing noise-adaptive non-blinddeblurring on an input image that includes blur and noise, the methodcomprising: implementing, using processing circuitry, a first neuralnetwork on the input image to obtain one or more parameters, wherein theimplementing the first neural network includes obtaining aone-dimensional vector of singular values from the input image andimplementing a one-dimensional residual convolutional neural network(CNN); performing, using the processing circuitry, regularizeddeconvolution to obtain a deblurred image from the input image, whereinthe regularized deconvolution uses the one or more parameters to controlnoise in the deblurred image; and implementing, using the processingcircuitry, a second neural network to remove artifacts from thedeblurred image and provide an output image.
 2. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the implementing the first neural network results inone parameter that is a regularization parameter.
 3. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the implementing the first neural networkresults in two or more parameters that are weights corresponding with aset of predefined regularization parameters.
 4. The method according toclaim 1, further comprising training the first neural network and thesecond neural network individually or together in an end-to-endarrangement.
 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprisingobtaining, by the processing circuitry, a point spread function thatdefines the blur in the input image.
 6. The method according to claim 5,wherein the input image is obtained by a camera in a vehicle and thepoint spread function is obtained from one or more sensors of thevehicle or from the camera based on a calibration.
 7. A non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium storing instructions which, whenprocessed by processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry toimplement a method of performing noise-adaptive non-blind deblurring onan input image that includes blur and noise, the method comprising:implementing a first neural network on the input image to obtain one ormore parameters, wherein the implementing the first neural networkincludes obtaining a one-dimensional vector of singular values from theinput image and implementing a one-dimensional residual convolutionalneural network (CNN); performing regularized deconvolution to obtain adeblurred image from the input image, wherein the regularizeddeconvolution uses the one or more parameters to control noise in thedeblurred image; and implementing a second neural network to removeartifacts from the deblurred image and provide an output image.
 8. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 7,wherein the implementing the first neural network results in oneparameter that is a regularization parameter.
 9. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium according to claim 7, wherein theimplementing the first neural network results in two or more parametersthat are weights corresponding with a set of predefined regularizationparameters.
 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumaccording to claim 7, further comprising training the first neuralnetwork and the second neural network individually or together in anend-to-end arrangement.
 11. The non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium according to claim 7, further comprising obtaining, by theprocessing circuitry, a point spread function that defines the blur inthe input image.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumaccording to claim 11, wherein the input image is obtained by a camerain a vehicle and the point spread function is obtained from one or moresensors of the vehicle or from the camera based on a calibration.
 13. Avehicle comprising: a camera configured to obtain an input image thatincludes blur and noise; and processing circuitry configured toimplement a first neural network on the input image to obtain one ormore parameters, wherein the first neural network is configured toobtain a one-dimensional vector of singular values from the input imageand implement a one-dimensional residual convolutional neural network(CNN), to perform regularized deconvolution to obtain a deblurred imagefrom the input image, wherein the regularized deconvolution uses the oneor more parameters to control noise in the deblurred image, and toimplement a second neural network to remove artifacts from the deblurredimage and provide an output image.
 14. The vehicle according to claim13, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to implement thefirst neural network and obtain one parameter that is a regularizationparameter or obtain two or more parameters that are weightscorresponding with a set of predefined regularization parameters. 15.The vehicle according to claim 13, wherein the processing circuitry isconfigured to train the first neural network and the second neuralnetwork individually or together in an end-to-end arrangement.
 16. Thevehicle according to claim 13, wherein the processing circuitry isconfigured to obtain a point spread function that defines the blur inthe input image.
 17. The vehicle according to claim 16, wherein theprocessing circuitry is configured to obtain the point spread functionfrom one or more sensors of the vehicle that measure a movement of thevehicle or from a calibration of the camera.